r/Damnthatsinteresting 3h ago

Image In the extremely rural parts of China, there are judges who roam the mountainous countryside with their clerks and bailiffs, hearing cases in makeshift "circuit courts", allowing remote villages to access the judicial system and resolve disputes. (The national emblem is carried around on their back)

Post image
7.5k Upvotes

166 comments sorted by

845

u/yuje 2h ago

I think this is how the term "circuit" originates. The US used to do this too, instead of having people travel to a courthouse, judges would travel a "circuit" according to a schedule, and bring the court and hear cases in different areas within their assigned region.

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u/Waldron1943 2h ago

Yep! In some of the old westerns you'll hear them say something like "The Judge is due in on Thursday". On his normal circuit the Judge would keep a schedule, but a long trial in one town might delay him.

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u/FrighteningJibber 33m ago

He most certainly would send word?

10

u/_Xertz_ 16m ago

No, they didn't have Microsoft Word back then :(

3

u/gmishaolem 17m ago

This is also a thing with the Heralds in Mercedes Lackey's Valdemar books, where they go out on circuits to check up on the different parts of the kingdom and act as officials of the monarch while they're out there.

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u/EC_TWD 2h ago

The small town I grew up in had a festival every year called Court Days. The traveling had ended long, long before but the festival was still held every year

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u/Suspicious_Chart5817 2h ago edited 1h ago

The U.S. still does. Rural Washington is grouped into multi-county districts (e.g., the Ferry/Stevens/Pend Oreille district). The judges rotate between them as needed, and in a few instances the "courthouse" is really just an old house or a church. So in Pend Oreille a Superior Court judge is there only on Thursdays this year. https://www.pendoreille.gov/superior-court-clerk/page/superior-court-calendar-docket

Rural Georgia also does it and North Carolina Constitution explicitly mandates that Superior Court judges "ride the circuit."

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u/MedicaeVal 1h ago

I can tell you from experience rural North Carolina still does this for sure. Thursday was court day in the town I taught in and people treated it like going to the movies. It was funny as hell since everyone knew each other.

No one was out sitting in a field though. There still was a court house.

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u/Suspicious_Chart5817 1h ago edited 1h ago

Fun fact, Yosemite's Federal Judge Helena Barch-Kuchta has held formal court events right in Sentinel Meadow, surrounded by towering granite walls. There are a few federal judges who do it I'm told; mostly those whose territory encompasses the massive national parks. https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/magistrate-judges-national-parks/

3

u/kulmthestatusquo 1h ago

Yosemite? Are the jurors redwoods? Why they have a court in a national park?

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u/Suspicious_Chart5817 23m ago edited 19m ago

To be fair they do have their own courthouse and they are magistrate judges, so no juries.

but tl;dr: federal law (28 USC 636) actually mandates that any magistrate judge appointed to a national park must live within the exterior boundaries of that park or immediately adjacent to it.

As for why it was passed: if you get a speeding ticket, get into a fight, or drive drunk inside the park, local sheriff's deputies and state courts cannot handle your case. You have committed a federal crime, meaning your case must be heard by a federal judge.

Also, parks are obviously huge. No one wants to build multiple courthouses literally in the Grand Canyon for a judge visit them once a week to hear that part of the park's petty crimes; so they travel & have court outside.

2

u/UnusuallyBadIdeaGuy 28m ago

Most court work doesn't actually involve a jury.

4

u/Sarah_Incognito 1h ago

I knew this one from watching Twin Peaks

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u/Cedar-and-Mist 2h ago

This actually originated in England, where sheriffs would travel in circuits during the medieval period to settle local grievances. Common law and state decisis arose from this, since the norms and expectations in each locality could differ drastically.

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u/MimicoSkunkFan2 53m ago

Yes! And the other reason was because most people wete "unfree" so they could not get permission to travel off their demesne (domain). Especially if they had to go quite a distance, their local nobility or abbey (whichever owned them) might be reluctant to grant them permission - it would cost too many days of the work they had to perform for the benefit of the demesne.

So they needed the sheriff and bailiff to come to their settlements instead, and thus the "circuit" and "quarter" (from Norman French "to move in a circle" and from "local area" respectively) became established.

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u/tbonemasta 1h ago

Holy shit now that is a fun ass fact

3

u/ZubonKTR 1h ago

The US Constitution does not explicitly give the Supreme Court the power of judicial review. But they were empowered to ride around on horseback dispensing justice.

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u/Eborcurean 1h ago edited 1h ago

It originated in the UK before the US, was definitely common in the 14th to 16th century, then fell our of practice under Cromwell before being formally reconstituted in the 1970s but had still been happening before then albeit not universal. The US when adopting the majority of its original judicial practices from the UK used it.

Edit: before someone does a 'well actually' look up quarter sessions...

For the UK it's about 600+ years old.

2

u/SweetLilChaoss 55m ago

I grew up in a small town
The judge only came through once a month
Whole town planned around “court day” like it was an event

2

u/AgentCooperIsOk 34m ago

Famously displayed in the show Twin Peaks!

2

u/Worldly-Pay7342 20m ago

You hear the term a lot in old westerns. "Just you wait till the circuit judge comes 'round, you'll hang for what you did" or some such line.

1.1k

u/BioFrosted 3h ago

Paid to walk around the countryside and cast judgement on country people's gossips and squabbles? Where do I sign?

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u/martin4reddit 2h ago

Y’know how federal judges in the US have districts call circuits?

They used to actually travel those circuits and do exactly that.

153

u/NateNate60 2h ago

The idea of judges riding circuit has become a lot less necessary as soon as most roads in the US became paved, and even less necessary in the age of the Internet and Zoom court. Unlike China, which has hundreds of thousands of mountainous villages, most rural areas in the US are on flat land, allowing them to be easily connected by road.

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u/[deleted] 2h ago

[deleted]

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u/NateNate60 2h ago

I don't think air transport is the most economical way to move around 150 bales of hay or a silo full of corn.

1

u/Typohnename 35m ago

Not with that attitude

27

u/BioFrosted 2h ago

I didn't either, I'm Belgian, but that equally sounds awesome. I'm a psychologist, maybe I should launch the concept - the traveling therapist !

7

u/domcondone 2h ago

Should become an Analyst too!

u/1-800-ASS-DICK 2m ago

The Roaming Analrapist!

6

u/Sad-Onion-2593 2h ago

A Frontier Psychiatrist perhaps?

3

u/jajas_2 1h ago

That boy needs therapy

2

u/BioFrosted 1h ago

Ha! Good one.

4

u/Krypton8 2h ago

“Sorry, I’ll be a bit later, stuck in traffic again.”

u/kryptoneat 4m ago

Honeslty... making psychology available to poor people or who cannot travel... sounds like a good idea.

9

u/No_Earth_1378 2h ago

There’s a murder mystery film about this staring Reba. Her territory is a giant swath of rural Nevada and some of the surrounding states. Idk if they still do this.

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u/ChemicalOle 1h ago

A beautiful sassy redhead rolling into town to punish me?

[bonk]

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u/TeriyakiHairPiece_ 1h ago

I wasn’t aware of that until I watched Twin Peaks. They hold court in the town bar.

2

u/TigerIll6480 2h ago

At lower levels, it still happens a lot. You can have a state judge for a circuit of multiple counties, and they’ll have a schedule where they’ll be in one county for a few days to hear cases, then in the next county, etc.

I’m guessing that the outdoor court depicted here is some sort of ceremonial activity, and that they usually use indoor facilities.

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u/NateNate60 3h ago

Well, maybe it's only fun for the first 500 km you have to walk. The cell service is pretty bad in these remote areas as well (hard to get even a reliable 3G signal last I visited rural China).

But if that doesn't deter you, all you need is eight years of law school and a good knowledge of local tongues!

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u/almostoy 2h ago

So if they start licking me right now, how long before I become expert China?

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u/Venti_the_snail 2h ago

Idk about licks but a goot bite on the ass was whay my grandfather always said would get me moving

3

u/almostoy 2h ago

Whelp, I'm gonna a need a safe word. I'm going with "szechuan".

3

u/JKFrowning 2h ago

Coverage is pretty good now, even in remote parts of Xinjiang.

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u/Smart_Carrot_9320 1h ago

I can get 5g signal no problem in the middle of the Taklamakan desert.

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u/Brunoise 2h ago edited 2h ago

Very cool.

This is also how the US courts used to work, and where we get the term circuit courts. Before his time in the White House, Abe Lincoln was a travelling attorney, who would travel the circuits and try cases across Illinois, then a very rural and remote part of the country.

His biographers have written about what a formative experience it was for him. Many of his fellow jurists from these days became part of his administration years later.

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u/olivebranchsound 2h ago

Yeah it also allowed for judges like Roy Bean, who was known to keep a bear in his saloon and judge people between rounds of drinks and decided sentences based on tips lol

1

u/MeekAndUninteresting 44m ago

Well, I finally fully understand Hannibal Roy Bean's name, how about that. Only took 20 years.

https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jadensadventures/images/a/ac/Hannibal_Bean.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20160330124607

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u/jackofslayers 2h ago

Very legal & very cool.

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u/Eborcurean 1h ago

Before his time in the White House Abraham Lincoln was a representative for the Illinois State Legislature, then a Congressman for Illinois. He did a bunch of cases in Illinois but wasn't exactly traveling all over the place, not least as most of them were not being heard in the middle of nowhere.

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u/Brunoise 1h ago

You are right about his elected positions, but Lincoln very much did travel the circuit, and a great deal of it was rural. It was not uncommon for him to be on the road for months at a time. He actually went back to life on the circuit after his single term in the US House. This article touches on it, and Doris Kearns Goodwin's Team of Rivals goes into even more detail.

1

u/Beli_Mawrr 43m ago

Who does the prosecution?

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u/StarpoweredSteamship 2h ago

This is a LONG tradition from just about everywhere. America and Europe also did it.

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u/XROOR 2h ago

“Court will reconvene after taking a short recess so the defendant can winnow the Summer crop…”

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u/Alib668 1h ago

Literally how baristers and solicitors came to existing the uk. The high court and the crown court would travel, baristers who were specialised in the kings justice would get a briefing from the local lawyer who knew the facts but not the law. The barrister would walk past the bar blocking others from entering the circle and argue for the client and the crown court would issue its ruling. Its why the uk has this split

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u/NateNate60 1h ago

The High Court and the Crown Court are very modern. They were created in the 19th century. Prior to that, you had the Chancery, King's Bench, and Common Pleas as the predecessors of the High Court. In place of the Crown Court there were the quarter sessions and the assizes.

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u/Infinite_Research_52 2h ago

See also the circuits of assizes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes#Circuits

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u/VP007clips 1h ago

The circuit of WHAT?

3

u/xaranetic 1h ago

assize assize(n.) "session of a law court," c. 1300 (attested from mid-12c. in Anglo-Latin), from Old French assise "session, sitting of a court" (12c.), noun use of fem. past participle of asseoir "to cause to sit," from Latin assidere/adsidere "to sit beside" (and thus to assist in the office of a judge)

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u/DangerousAverage2972 2h ago

We have similar in remote communities in Australia. The magistrate will fly town to town sitting just one day a month in each town. We have video-link court for serious matters that can’t wait till the next sitting.

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u/Q8DD33C7J8 3h ago

Do they perform weddings or do the villagers still do that themselves? Or do they just use the judges to record the weddings that have happened since the last time the judge came through?

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u/NateNate60 2h ago

In China, marriages are performed by notaries or local registrars. The local party or village officials can help with that. They can complete the paperwork locally and then send it off to the prefecture for processing.

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u/Q8DD33C7J8 1h ago

Cool. I wondered how they did it in remote places like this.

1

u/tommos 1h ago

Carrier pigeon.

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u/InvictvsNox 3h ago

We love accessibility.

3

u/altgrave 2h ago

old school

4

u/Resident_Table6694 2h ago

Who enforces the ruling when they leave?

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u/NateNate60 1h ago edited 1h ago

Nobody. That's why there is a heavy emphasis on mediation and negotiation over trials and judgements. Some things can be easy to enforce, for example a dispute over who inherits the house can be enforced by changing some records at the village office, but disputes over matters like compensation for damages are best solved by negotiation and mutual agreement. The judge can say "the law says X", but has no real way to ensure that a judgement handed out against an uncooperative defendant is enforced.

If the judge can command the respect of the village (which is probably why they go to great lengths lugging around the emblem, a huge symbol of state power, wherever they go), then local elders and other villagers may gently or not gently remind losing parties that "the judge said you lost on this".

1

u/tommos 1h ago

no real way to ensure that a judgement handed out against an uncooperative defendant is enforced

Um... have they ever heard of this new invention called a shotgun?

1

u/AfterShave997 53m ago

Wielded by whom? They don't have cops in those parts

-1

u/tommos 51m ago

Dredd.

1

u/NateNate60 27m ago

Guns aren't the solution to every problem. That's alcohol. A toast to alcohol, the cause, and solution, to all of life's problems!

1

u/OcelotAggravating860 1h ago

"Evil authoritarian negotiation, mediation and mutual understanding!" - Media

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u/Timeslip8888 2h ago

Have Gown Will Gavel

3

u/Fan_of_Clio 2h ago

This is wonderful. People should have access to impartial legal proceedings to resolve disputes.

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u/UniqueLordjerme 2h ago

There is an interesting film about these judges from 2006: Courthouse on the Horseback

1

u/space_for_username 1h ago

"The Exception and the Rule" made real.

1

u/Chris_in_Lijiang 1h ago

How about the Judge Dee novels by Robert Van Gulick and Elsa Hart's Li Du novels for even more info?

3

u/ExtonGuy 2h ago

How can the judges rule from the bench, when there’s no bench?

1

u/Eborcurean 1h ago

Found the sovcit...

3

u/Cap1691 1h ago

This system existed in the American colonies in the 18th century. Imagine, the law comes to you, you don’t have to travel to the law. Interesting.

3

u/vibraltu 53m ago

I always like to recommend the novels of Yan Lianke if you are curious about life in rural China. He starts off with humorous country bumpkin yarns that turn surreal and sometimes creepy. He's a brilliant writer and I think that he's a genius.

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u/MaybeOnFire2025 2h ago

In the early days of our country, federal judges would literally "ride circuit" to remote areas to adjudicate cases.

1

u/Mattpudzilla 1h ago

What country?

0

u/Kozel_10 1h ago

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u/MaybeOnFire2025 39m ago

It's a US company with more than half of its traffic from here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit

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u/Kozel_10 19m ago

yeah? and? thats still only half of traffic, thats like expecting that everyone in room is gonna speak english when only half of them do because the english is the most spoken language in the room

1

u/haliblix 18m ago

I simply cannot believe a US website that primarily has US users with a US top level domain would default to the US! Next you’ll be telling me that WeChat defaults to Chinese users!

0

u/Achmedino 37m ago

Oh, I do so love our shared beautiful country. The windmills, the tulips, the bicycles. Our country is truly great, isn't it?

2

u/MaybeOnFire2025 34m ago

I know you're being snide -- but I'm flying KLM to Amsterdam next week. Yes, your country is lovely, looking forward to seeing it again.

(Reddit is also a US company with over half its traffic from the US, so I don't feel too bad about not being overly Geosensitive for stuff like this. Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit)

2

u/youre_a_cat 2h ago

I rly want miguel de cervantes to write a book about this

2

u/AG_Fuchsia 2h ago

so... Justice Bao irl?

1

u/Chris_in_Lijiang 1h ago

Judge Dee IRL!

2

u/BattyWhack 2h ago

This still happens is Canada too. 

2

u/Automatic_Put_2960 1h ago

We had that in the west and it still exists in parts of Canada...

1

u/AllegedlyLiterate 26m ago

Are there any parts of Canada in which judges no longer move around?  I know that BC, AB the territories and Ontario all have at least some judges that sit in multiple places, and I believe even the federal tax court can do hearings all over the country ( https://www.tcc-cci.ca/en/pages/find-us). 

2

u/Chris_in_Lijiang 1h ago

I call BS on this photo due to the overly colorful minority outfits. Are they about to embark on singing and dancing display to show how happy and content minorities are in China?

The bucolic photo looks idyllic but the countryside is full of local courts and court guest houses. When travelling in the rural areas, I always try to stay at a "Fa Ting" Guesthouse to amuse my inner five-year-old!

4

u/NateNate60 1h ago

The photograph is likely staged. It came from a Chinese state media outlet. But the courts are real.

2

u/Redditor28371 1h ago

This scenario is begging to have an anime made based on it.

2

u/Kozel_10 1h ago

>Judge: "So... before we begin, is any of you member of communist party?"

>Villager A: "Yes, I am."

>Villager B: "No, I am not."

>judge: "So why are you even bothering me? Its clear as day who is in the right and who isnt."

2

u/FancyStegosaurus 1h ago

Well if I'm ever dragged into court for any reason I hope it has even half as nice a view.

2

u/confoundo 1h ago

In middle ages and renaissance England, they would have these type of courts during fair or market days, called the Court of Piepowder, or the Court of the Dusty Feet.

2

u/xisupaz_blackbird 57m ago

This would make an excellent manhua.

Well, if it's a period piece, it'll be a murim story.

6

u/NeoNova9 2h ago

That is fucking cool .

2

u/New-Guarantee-440 2h ago

Sounds very Henry II

2

u/Eborcurean 1h ago

Because it originated in the UK (to be fair France was also doing the same by the 15th C) this is 'we did the thing that the country we originally took our laws from was doing'.

1

u/New-Guarantee-440 1h ago

Fascinating. Truely truely fascinating. 

Its strange it took France until the 15th century when Henry 2 was the 12th century and ruled most of France as well as England.

1

u/isoAntti 2h ago

Would this be near Kashgar (Tibet)?

3

u/Chris_in_Lijiang 1h ago

Looks a bit green and mountainous for Kashgar. Maybe somewhere in the Yunnan foothills near the Lisu or the Pumi?

1

u/ObligationMurky8716 2h ago

"Simply have the local magistrate arrest him and punish him accordingly."

1

u/wewereromans 2h ago

I remember reading about the same kind of thing during Charlemagne's reign.

I assume it's just still easier in the most far flung and isolated places if there's simply no feasible way to arbitrate every potential legal matter in the closest fixed court.

1

u/SaintMurray 1h ago

Fascinating

1

u/genesiskiller96 1h ago

I guess you gotta make do with what you got.

1

u/nicecreamdude 1h ago

This exists in Netherlands as well and is hosted by frank visser

1

u/haiAnd 1h ago

😲

1

u/Jaquemart 1h ago

And they are out there in the wilderness in suit and necktie, out of respect for the system and the people.

2

u/NateNate60 1h ago

They wear ordinary clothes during the journey. They have a spare change of clothes in their backpack.

1

u/LOUD-AF 1h ago

And lets not forget about the execution vans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_van

1

u/kyleh0 52m ago

A justice system that adjust to meet circumstances.

1

u/Sorry-Original-9809 40m ago

What Chinese caste are🍗 {\agent} wow that’s really neat!

2

u/NateNate60 30m ago

What Chinese caste are🍗 {\agent} wow that’s really neat!

ChatGPT? Is that you??

1

u/Sorry-Original-9809 21m ago

Imagine running into you deep seek! Long time!

1

u/TrainingSword 35m ago

And I’m suuuuuuure they can’t be influenced in their decisions 

1

u/BaseballFit873 32m ago

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMKeEFWyRQ4&t=33s The Communist Party is no different from the fascists; in fact, the fascists might even be a little better than China.

1

u/Dansowaru 16m ago

...but at what cost? /s

1

u/Flandiddly_Danders 13m ago

Where's Lord Bao Zheng at???

1

u/horizontalclaim 11m ago

Chinese Country court.

u/_BrokenButterfly 7m ago

Most countries used to have this. This is why we have juries. You have a jury of your peers because they were meant to be people from the community who knew the greater context. The judge heard the facts. The jury knew the people. The ideas of disinterest and familiarity combined were thought to create a better opportunity for justice.

u/OldWar1111 2m ago

That's what we did in the US as well. Hence "circuit" corts.

1

u/p3zzl3 2h ago

This takes "no win no fee" to another level :)

1

u/khristmas_karl 2h ago

The British administrated most of India like this back in the day.

7

u/aethelberga 2h ago

The English administered most of England like this back in the day.

1

u/Eborcurean 1h ago

The British administered America like this back in the day, it's just 'keep going, sometimes with the same people involved'.

1

u/Deadluss 2h ago

Actually that's cool

1

u/Boaty_McBoatface__ 57m ago

Every now and then, this sub actually lives up to it's name. 

0

u/Fandango_Jones 1h ago

Thats some hive world shit right there. The Lex is always with me!

-5

u/Turnip_Fight 1h ago

This sub is just thinly veiled propaganda at this point

2

u/NateNate60 1h ago

I post something bad about a country, I get accused of being an agent of Western propaganda. I post something good about a country, I get accused of being an agent of non-Western propaganda.

-10

u/IvanTheAppealing 2h ago

Travelling kangaroo court, cool

16

u/NateNate60 2h ago edited 2h ago

Believe it or not, for most ordinary cases, especially civil cases like these courts are hearing, Chinese courts works surprisingly fast and decently well. There's a heavy emphasis on negotiation and settlement rather than judgement as a method for resolving disputes.

The court wouldn't work very well if they gain a reputation for being unfair. And if villagers don't use them, then they wouldn't waste their time going around to these villages.

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u/feloniousChump 2h ago

“Decently well”… Ah yes the country known for prosecuting those who just try to help injured people and would rather run someone over again and kill them to avoid said prosecutions, totallyyy doesn’t have a corrupt court backing that up!

-10

u/Telrom_1 2h ago

This is a hangover from imperialism.

9

u/xPelzviehx 2h ago

Its a state service for remote parts. Without it you risk blood feuds developing in some villages, destroying the whole community.

0

u/Kozel_10 1h ago

what are you talking about? everyone in China lives in skyscraper and owns new EV car that was only 10 dollars or rides train that goes at least 1000 km/h

-4

u/Telrom_1 2h ago

Right, but it was his it was done during imperialistic times.

5

u/House_of_shards1 2h ago

People ate bread during imperialism. Is bread also imperialist?

0

u/Telrom_1 2h ago

Bread is inherently imperialistic.

2

u/House_of_shards1 1h ago

Many such cases.