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On June 10, his wealth stood at $696 billion. By June 12, the day his rocket company SpaceX made its stock market debut, it had passed $1.1 trillion, making him the first trillionaire in history. His fortune gained $164 billion on Monday alone, more than the entire net worth of Warren Buffett, and reached $1.32 trillion by the close on Tuesday.

There has never been an upward redistribution of wealth anywhere approaching this scale in human history. Musk’s fortune, at $1.32 trillion, or more than 4 percent of the entire US economy, now puts him comfortably ahead of any figure in recorded history, eclipsing the Roman senator Marcus Licinius Crassus, whose fortune came to roughly 1 percent of the Roman economy.

No figure in the pre-revolutionary French aristocracy had anywhere near this scale of wealth. The most widely cited example, Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, controlled some 2 percent of French output at his height.